telephone 5:30pm : officer long badge number #1116
police report filed online @ 6:19pm : # T11000068
police officer called to fill out official report @ 12:32am iccucer Scala badge # 3298
Monthly Archives: April 2011
wednesday April 20th 2011@12:05pm ( another article on silver soldering )
http:www.ehow.com/list_5766529_silver-solder-types.html
Silver Solder Types
Solder describes any of a variety of metal alloys formulated to join together other metal objects. Silver-alloy solders are used in multiple industries on many different objects. Whether you are an artist, an engineer or an electronic specialist, knowledge of the various types of silver-alloy solders will be a valuable addition to your mental toolbox.
Cadmium-Silver Solder
Cadmium-silver solder is used in high-temperature soldering in projects such as jewelry making and metal fabrication. Cadmium-silver solder provides a leak proof bond with high tensile strength, which means it requires greater strength to break than other solders approved for use in the same temperature range. The bond created by using cadmium-silver solder withstand tensile stress and vibration at both extremely high and sub-zero temperatures. Because this type of solder is toxic, appropriate safety measures should be used. Work in a well-ventilated area with an exhaust hood to draw any toxic smoke away from your face. To protect yourself further, wear a breathing mask to filter the air you breathe in. Additionally, cadmium-silver solder should not be used on items used for food or drink consumption. If the fumes or solder are inhaled or ingested, illness and lung damage may occur.
Lead-Silver Solder
Like cadmium-silver solder, lead-silver solder is used in high-temperature soldering. This type of solder provides a bond with high fatigue strength, meaning it can withstand repetitions of stressful impacts without breaking. Lead-silver solder is often available at craft and specialty stores for use in stained glass and jewelry projects. Lead-silver solder is toxic, like cadmium-silver solder, producing fumes that are harmful if inhaled. It should also be used in a well-ventilated area with an exhaust hood and breathing mask.
Tin-Silver Solder
Tin-silver solder shares the property of being useful at high temperatures with its cadmium-silver and lead-silver counterparts. Unlike the other alloys, however, tin-silver solder is non-toxic and therefore poses less of a health risk in using it, making it frequently used as an alternative to lead-silver solder. Tin-silver solder is also used as an alternative to tin-lead solders, which do not provide as strong a bond at high temperatures. This solder type is typically used with high-precision instruments and is more expensive than other types of solder.
- www.radyne.com?? http:>www.radyne.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=B9jeG5gOvTZLoKo6usQeHnPTLB7yW988ByNv5mRHAjbcBgNyIARABGAEg4_GbAigEOABQ6fGcgf3_____AWDJ1rGH3KPwEbIBDHd3dy5laG93LmNvbboBCjMzNngyODBfanPIAQHaATlodHRwOi8vd3d3LmVob3cuY29tL2xpc3RfNTc2NjUyOV9zaWx2ZXItc29sZGVyLXR5cGVzLmh0bWyAAgGoAwHoAzHoA7ID6APeBOgDnAL1AwIEAAQ&num=1&sig=AGiWqtxH93OXZx8cJrke_gDgeNOy9syz_w&client=ca-ehow_336x280&adurl=http://www.radyne.com” rel=nofollow target=_blank jQuery1303315427562=”32″>Induction Brazingwww.radyne.com?? http:>www.radyne.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=B9jeG5gOvTZLoKo6usQeHnPTLB7yW988ByNv5mRHAjbcBgNyIARABGAEg4_GbAigEOABQ6fGcgf3_____AWDJ1rGH3KPwEbIBDHd3dy5laG93LmNvbboBCjMzNngyODBfanPIAQHaATlodHRwOi8vd3d3LmVob3cuY29tL2xpc3RfNTc2NjUyOV9zaWx2ZXItc29sZGVyLXR5cGVzLmh0bWyAAgGoAwHoAzHoA7ID6APeBOgDnAL1AwIEAAQ&num=1&sig=AGiWqtxH93OXZx8cJrke_gDgeNOy9syz_w&client=ca-ehow_336x280&adurl=http://www.radyne.com” rel=nofollow target=_blank jQuery1303315427562=”33″>www.radyne.com
Quality joins everytime! Stainless, aluminum, copper, brass, and more
- Silver Sol $7.75/ BottleSilverSolutionUSA.Com
Save Even More When You Buy Our 16 oz Value Size. 12.47 per 8oz!
- Ads by Google
References
Comments
Wednesday April 20th 2011@ 11:59am ( soldering slver jewlery defination wikipedia)
Hard solders are used for brazing, and melt at higher temperatures. Alloys of copper with either zinc or silver are the most common.
In silversmithing or jewelry making, special hard solders are used that will pass away assay. They contain a high proportion of the metal being soldered and lead is not used in these alloys. These solders vary in hardness, designated as “enameling”, “hard”, “medium” and “easy”. Enameling solder has a high melting point, close to that of the material itself, to prevent the joint desoldering during firing in the enameling process. The remaining solder types are used in decreasing order of hardness during the process of making an item, to prevent a previously soldered seam or joint desoldering while additional sites are soldered. Easy solder is also often used for repair work for the same reason. Flux or rouge is also used to prevent joints from desoldering.
Silver solder is also used in manufacturing to join metal parts that cannot be welded. The alloys used for these purposes contain a high proportion of silver (up to 40%), and may also contain cadmium.
Wednesday April 20th 2011@ 11:53am ( soldering wikipedia defination)
http://en.wikipedia.oprg/wiki/soldering
Soldering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) |
Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a relatively low melting point. Soft soldering is characterized by the melting point of the filler metal, which is below 400 °C (752 °F).[1] The filler metal used in the process is called solder.
Soldering is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower melting-temperature filler metal. The filler metals are typically alloys that have liquidus temperatures below 350°C. It is distinguished from welding by the base metals not being melted during the joining process which may or may not include the addition of a filler metal.[2] In a soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt and be drawn into the joint by capillary action and to bond to the materials to be joined by wetting action. After the metal cools, the resulting joints are not as strong as the base metal, but have adequate strength, electrical conductivity, and water-tightness for many uses. There is evidence that it was employed up to 5000 years ago in Mesopotamia.[3]
[edit] Applications
One of the most frequent applications of soldering is assembling electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCBs). Another common application is making permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in plumbing systems. Joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof flashing, rain gutters and automobile radiators have also historically been soldered, and occasionally still are. Jewelry components are assembled and repaired by soldering. Small mechanical parts are often soldered as well. Soldering is also used to join lead came and copper foil in stained glass work. Soldering can also be used as a semi-permanent patch for a leak in a container or cooking vessel.
One guideline to consider when soldering is that, since soldering temperatures are so low, a soldered joint has limited service at elevated temperatures. Solders generally do not have much strength, so the process should not be used for load-bearing members.
Some examples of solder types and their applications include tin-lead (general purpose), tin-zinc for joining aluminium, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for strength at high temperatures, zinc-aluminium for aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics.
[edit] Solders
Main article: Solder
Soldering filler materials are available in many different alloys for differing applications. In electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead (or 60/40, which is almost identical in performance to the eutectic) has been the alloy of choice. Other alloys are used for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications.
A eutectic formulation has several advantages for soldering; chief among these is the coincidence of the liquidus and solidus temperatures, i.e. the absence of a plastic phase. This allows for quicker wetting as the solder heats up, and quicker setup as the solder cools. A non-eutectic formulation must remain still as the temperature drops through the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Any differential movement during the plastic phase may result in cracks, giving an unreliable joint. Additionally, a eutectic formulation has the lowest possible melting point, which minimizes heat stress on electronic components during soldering.
Common solder alloys are mixtures of tin and lead, respectively:
- 63/37: melts at 183 °C (361 °F) (eutectic: the only mixture that melts at a point, instead of over a range)
- 60/40: melts between 183–190 °C (361–374 °F)
- 50/50: melts between 185–215 °C (365–419 °F)
Lead-free solders are suggested anywhere young children may come into contact with (since young children are likely to place things into their mouths), or for outdoor use where rain and other precipitation may wash the lead into the groundwater.
Lead-free solder alloys melt around 250 °C (482 °F), depending on their composition.
For environmental reasons, ‘no-lead’ solders are becoming more widely used. Unfortunately most ‘no-lead’ solders are not eutectic formulations, making it more difficult to create reliable joints with them. See complete discussion below; see also RoHS.
Other common solders include low-temperature formulations (often containing bismuth), which are often used to join previously-soldered assemblies without un-soldering earlier connections, and high-temperature formulations (usually containing silver) which are used for high-temperature operation or for first assembly of items which must not become unsoldered during subsequent operations.
Alloying silver with other metals changes the melting point, adhesion and wetting characteristics, and tensile strength. Of all the brazing alloys, the silver solders have the greatest strength and the broadest applications.[4]
Specialty alloys are available with properties such as higher strength, better electrical conductivity and higher corrosion resistance.
[edit] Flux
Main article: flux (metallurgy)
In high-temperature metal joining processes (welding, brazing and soldering), the primary purpose of flux is to prevent oxidation of the base and filler materials. Tin-lead solder, for example, attaches very well to copper, but poorly to copper oxides (which form quickly at soldering temperatures). Flux is nearly inert at room temperature, yet becomes strongly reductive when heated. This helps remove oxidation from the metals to be joined, and inhibits oxidation of the base and filler materials. Secondarily, flux acts as a wetting agent in the soldering process,[5] reducing the surface tension of the molten solder and causing it to better wet out the parts to be joined.
Fluxes currently available in three basic formulations:
- Water-soluble fluxes (no VOC‘s required for removal) are higher activity fluxes designed to be removed with water after soldering.
- No-clean fluxes which are mild enough to not require removal at all due to the non-conductive and non-corrosive residue.[2] Performance of the flux needs to be carefully evaluated; a very mild ‘no-clean’ flux might be perfectly acceptable for production equipment, but not give adequate performance for a poorly controlled hand-soldering operation.
- Traditional rosin fluxes are available in non-activated (R), mildly activated (RMA) and activated (RA) formulations. RA and RMA fluxes contain rosin combined with an activating agent, typically an acid, which increases the wettability of metals to which it is applied by removing existing oxides. The residue resulting from the use of RA flux is corrosive and must be cleaned off the piece being soldered. RMA flux is formulated to result in a residue which is not significantly corrosive, with cleaning being preferred but optional.
[edit] Basic soldering techniques
Soldering operations can be performed with hand tools, one joint at a time, or en masse on a production line. Hand soldering is typically performed with a soldering iron, soldering gun, or a torch, or occasionally a hot-air pencil. Sheetmetal work was traditionally done with “soldering coppers” directly heated by a flame, with sufficient stored heat in the mass of the soldering copper to complete a joint; torches or electrically-heated soldering irons are more convenient. All soldered joints require the same elements of cleaning of the metal parts to be joined, fitting up the joint, heating the parts, applying flux, applying the filler, removing heat and holding the assembly still until the filler metal has completely solidified. Depending on the nature of flux material used, cleaning of the joints may be required after they have cooled.
The distinction between soldering and brazing is arbitrary, based on the melting temperature of the filler material. A temperature of 450 °C is usually used as a practical cut-off. Different equipment and/or fixturing is usually required since (for instance) a soldering iron generally cannot achieve high enough temperatures for brazing. Practically speaking there is a significant difference between the two processes — brazing fillers have far more structural strength than solders, and are formulated for this as opposed to maximum electrical conductivity. Brazed connections are often as strong or nearly as strong as the parts they connect,[citation needed] even at elevated temperatures.[citation needed]
“Hard soldering” or “silver soldering” (performed with high-temperature solder containing up to 40% silver) is also often a form of brazing, since it involves filler materials with melting points in the vicinity of, or in excess of, 450 °C. Although the term “silver soldering” is used much more often than “silver brazing”, it may be technically incorrect depending on the exact melting point of the filler in use. In silver soldering (“hard soldering”), the goal is generally to give a beautiful, structurally sound joint, especially in the field of jewelry. Thus, the temperatures involved, and the usual use of a torch rather than an iron, would seem to indicate that the process should be referred to as “brazing” rather than “soldering”, but the endurance of the “soldering” appellation serves to indicate the arbitrary nature of the distinction (and the level of confusion) between the two processes.
Induction soldering is a process which is similar to brazing. The source of heat in induction soldering is induction heating by high-frequency AC current in a surrounding copper coil. This induces currents in the part being soldered, heat then being generated by resistive heating. The copper rings can be made to fit the part needed to be soldered for precision in the work piece. Induction soldering is a process in which a filler metal (solder) is placed between the facing surfaces of (to be joined) metals. The filler metal in this process is melted at a fairly low temperature. Fluxes are commonly used in induction soldering. This is a process which is particularly suitable for soldering continuously. The process is usually done with coils that wrap around a cylinder/pipe that needs to be soldered.
Some metals are easier to solder than others. Copper, silver, and gold are easy. Iron, mild steel and nickel are found to be more difficult. Because of their thin, strong oxide films, stainless steel and aluminium are even more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, some high-carbon steels, ceramics, and graphite can be soldered but it involves a process similar to joining carbides. They are first plated with a suitable metallic element that induces interfacial bonding.
[edit] Electronic components (PCBs)
Currently, mass-production printed circuit boards (PCBs) are mostly wave soldered or reflow soldered, though hand soldering of production electronics is also still standard practice for many tasks. In wave soldering, parts are temporarily adhered to the PCB with small dabs of adhesive, then the assembly is passed over flowing solder in a bulk container. Reflow soldering is a process in which a solder paste (a mixture of prealloyed solder powder and a flux-vehicle that has a peanut butter-like consistency[2]) is used to stick the components to their attachment pads, after which the assembly is heated by an infrared lamp; a hot air pencil; or, more commonly, by passing it through a carefully controlled oven. Since different components can be best assembled by different techniques, it is common to use two or more processes for a given PCB. For example, surface mounted parts may be reflow soldered first, with a wave soldering process for the through-hole mounted components coming next, and bulkier parts hand-soldered last.
For hand soldering of electronic components, the heat source tool should be selected to provide adequate heat for the size of joint to be completed. A 100 watt soldering iron may provide too much heat for printed circuit boards, while a 25 watt iron will not provide enough heat for large electrical connectors, joining copper roof flashing, or large stained-glass lead came. Using a tool with too high a temperature can damage sensitive components, but protracted heating by a tool that is too cool or under powered can also cause extensive heat damage.
Hand-soldering techniques require a great deal of skill to use on the finest pitch chip packages. In particular ball grid array (BGA) devices are notoriously difficult if not impossible to rework by hand.
For attachment of electronic components to a PCB, proper selection and use of flux helps prevent oxidation during soldering, which is essential for good wetting and heat transfer. The soldering iron tip must be clean and pre-tinned with solder to ensure rapid heat transfer. Components which dissipate large amounts of heat during operation are sometimes elevated above the PCB to avoid PCB overheating. After inserting a through-hole mounted component, the excess lead is cut off, leaving a length of about the radius of the pad. Plastic or metal mounting clips or holders may be used with large devices to aid heat dissipation and reduce joint stresses.
A heat sink may be used on the leads of heat sensitive components to reduce heat transfer to the component. This is especially applicable to germanium parts. (Note the heat sink will mean the use of more heat to complete the joint.) If all metal surfaces are not properly fluxed and brought above the melting temperature of the solder in use, the result will be an unreliable “cold solder joint”.
To simplify soldering, beginners are usually advised to apply the soldering iron and the solder separately to the joint, rather than the solder being applied direct to the iron. When sufficient solder is applied, the solder wire is removed. When the surfaces are adequately heated, the solder will flow around the joint. The iron is then removed from the joint.
Since non-eutectic solder alloys have a small plastic range, the joint must not be moved until the solder has cooled down through both the liquidus and solidus temperatures. Visually, a good solder joint will appear smooth and shiny, with the outline of the soldered wire clearly visible. A matte gray surface is a good indicator of a joint that was moved during soldering. Too little solder will result in a dry and unreliable joint; too much solder (the ‘solder blob’ very familiar to beginners) is not necessarily unsound, but tends to mean poor wetting. With some fluxes, flux residue remaining on the joint may need to be removed, using water, alcohol or other solvents compatible with the process. Excess solder and unconsumed flux and residue is sometimes wiped from the soldering iron tip between joints. The tip of the iron is kept wetted with solder (“tinned”) when hot to minimize oxidation and corrosion of the tip itself.
Environmental legislation in many countries, and the whole of the European Community area (see RoHS), has led to a change in formulation of both solders and fluxes. Water soluble non-rosin based fluxes have been increasingly used since the 1980s so that soldered boards can be cleaned with water or water based cleaners. This eliminates hazardous solvents from the production environment, and effluent.
[edit] Hot-bar reflow
Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.
Pressure is applied through the whole process (usually 15 s) to ensure that components stay in place during cooling. The heating element is heated and cooled for each connection. Up to 4000 W can be used in the heating element allowing fast soldering, good results with connections requiring high energy.[6]
[edit] Laser
Laser soldering is a technique where a ~30-50 W laser is used to melt and solder an electrical connection joint. Diode laser systems based on semiconductor junctions are used for this purpose.[7]
Wavelengths are typically 808 nm through 980 nm. The beam is delivered via an optical fiber to the workpiece, with fiber diameters 800 um and smaller. Since the beam out of the end of the fiber diverges rapidly, lenses are used to create a suitable spot size on the workpiece at a suitable working distance. A wire feeder is used to supply solder. [8]
Both lead-tin and silver-tin material can be soldered. Process recipes will differ depending on the alloy composition. For soldering 44-pin chip carriers to a board using soldering preforms, power levels were on the order of 10 Watts and solder times approximately 1 second. Low power levels can lead to incomplete wetting and the formation of voids, both of which can weaken the joint.
[edit] Fiber focus infrared soldering
Fiber focus infrared soldering is technique where many infrared sources are led through fibers, then focused onto a single spot at which the connection is soldered.[9][not in citation given]
[edit] Pipe soldering
Copper pipe, or ‘tube’, is commonly joined by soldering. Copper conducts heat away faster than a soldering iron or gun can provide, so a propane torch is most commonly used; for large jobs a MAPP or acetylene torch is used.
Solder fittings, which are short sections of smooth pipe designed to slide over the outside of the mating tube, are usually used for copper joints. There are two types of fittings: end feed fittings which contain no solder, and solder ring fittings, in which there is a ring of solder in a small circular recess inside the fitting.
As with all solder joints, all parts to be joined must be clean and oxide free. Internal and external wire brushes are available for the common pipe and fitting sizes; emery cloth and wire-wool are frequently used as well, although metal wool products are discouraged, as they can contain oil, which would contaminate the joint.
Because of the size of the parts involved, and the high activity and contaminating tendency of the flame, plumbing fluxes are typically much more chemically active, and more acidic, than electronic fluxes. Because plumbing joints may be done at any angle, even upside down, plumbing fluxes are generally formulated as pastes which stay in place better than liquids. Flux should be applied to all surfaces of the joint, inside and out. Flux residues should be removed after the joint is complete or they can, eventually, erode through the copper substrates and cause failure of the joint.
Many plumbing solder formulations are available, with different characteristics such as higher or lower melting temperature, depending on the specific requirements of the job. Building codes currently almost universally require the use of lead-free solder for potable water piping, though traditional tin-lead solder is still available. Studies have shown that lead-soldered plumbing pipes can result in elevated levels of lead in drinking water.[10][11]
Since copper pipe quickly conducts heat away from a joint, great care must be taken to ensure that the joint is properly heated through to obtain a good bond. After the joint is properly cleaned, fluxed and fitted, the torch flame is applied to the thickest part of the joint, typically the fitting with the pipe inside it, with the solder applied at the gap between the tube and the fitting. When all the parts are heated through, the solder will melt and flow into the joint by capillary action. The torch may need to be moved around the joint to ensure all areas are wetted out. However, the installer must take care to not overheat the areas being soldered. If the tube begins to discolor it means that the tube has been over-heated and is beginning to oxidize, stopping the flow of the solder and causing the soldered joint not to seal properly. Before oxidation the molten solder will follow the heat of the torch around the joint. When the joint is properly wetted out, the solder and then the heat are removed, and while the joint is still very hot, it is usually wiped with a dry rag. This removes excess solder as well as flux residue before it cools down and hardens. With a solder ring joint, the joint is heated until a ring of molten solder is visible around the edge of the fitting and allowed to cool.
Solder connections are usually considered the most difficult of the three methods of connecting copper tubing, but soldering copper is a very simple process, provided some basic conditions are provided:
- The tubing and fittings must be cleaned to bare metal with no tarnish
- Any pressure which is formed by heating of the tubing must have an outlet
Copper is only one material that is joined in this manner. Brass fittings are often used for valves or as a connection fitting between copper and other metals. Brass piping is soldered in this manner in the making of brass and some woodwind (saxophone and flute) musical instruments
[edit] Mechanical and aluminium soldering
A number of solder materials, primarily zinc alloys, are used for soldering aluminium metal and alloys and to some lesser extent steel and zinc. This mechanical soldering is similar to a low temperature brazing operation, in that the mechanical characteristics of the joint are reasonably good and it can be used for structural repairs of those materials.
The American welding society defines brazing as using filler metals with melting points over 450 °C (842 °F) — or, by the traditional definition in the United States, above 800 °F (427 °C). Aluminium soldering alloys generally have melting temperatures around 730 °F (388 °C).[12] This soldering / brazing operation can use a propane torch heat source.[13]
These materials are often advertised as “aluminium welding”, but the process does not involve melting the base metal, and therefore is not properly a weld.
United States Military Standard or MIL-SPEC specification MIL-R-4208 defines one standard for these zinc-based brazing/soldering alloys.[14] A number of products meet this specification.[13][15][16] or very similar performance standards.[12]
[edit] Stained glass soldering
Historically, stained glass soldering tips were copper, heated by being placed in a charcoal-burning brazier. Multiple tips were used; when one tip cooled down from use, it was placed back in the brazier of charcoal and the next tip was used.
More recently, electrically heated soldering irons are used. These are heated by a coil or ceramic heating element inside the tip of the iron. Different power ratings are available, and temperature can be controlled electronically. These characteristics allow longer beads to be run without interrupting the work to change tips. Soldering irons designed for electronic use are often effective though they are sometimes underpowered for the heavy copper and lead came used in stained glass work.
Tiffany type stainglass is made by gluing copper foil around the edges of the pieces of glass and then soldering them together. This method makes it possible to create three dimensional stainglass pieces.
[edit] Solderability
Main article: Solderability
The Solderability of a substrate is a measure of the ease with which a soldered joint can be made to that material.
[edit] Desoldering and resoldering
Main article: Desoldering
Used solder contains some of the dissolved base metals and is unsuitable for reuse in making new joints. Once the solder’s capacity for the base metal has been achieved it will no longer properly bond with the base metal, usually resulting in a brittle cold solder joint with a crystalline appearance.
It is good practice to remove solder from a joint prior to resoldering—desoldering braids or vacuum desoldering equipment (solder suckers) can be used. Desoldering wicks contain plenty of flux that will lift the contamination from the copper trace and any device leads that are present. This will leave a bright, shiny, clean junction to be resoldered.
The lower melting point of solder means it can be melted away from the base metal, leaving it mostly intact, though the outer layer will be “tinned” with solder. Flux will remain which can easily be removed by abrasive or chemical processes. This tinned layer will allow solder to flow into a new joint, resulting in a new joint, as well as making the new solder flow very quickly and easily.
[edit] Lead-free electronic soldering
More recently environmental legislation has specifically targeted the wide use of lead in the electronics industry. The RoHS directives in Europe require many new electronic circuit boards to be lead free by 1 July 2006, mostly in the consumer goods industry, but in some others as well. In Japan lead was phased out prior to legislation by manufacturers due to the additional expense in recycling products containing lead.[17]
It is a common misconception that lead free soldering requires higher soldering temperatures than lead/tin solder; the wetting temperature in lead/tin solder is higher than the melting point and is the controlling factor – Wave soldering can proceed at the same temperature as previous lead/tin soldering.[17] Nevertheless many new technical challenges have arisen with this endeavor; to reduce the melting point of tin based solder alloys various new alloys have had to be researched, with additives of copper, silver, bismuth as typical minor additives to reduce melting point and control other properties, additionally tin is a more corrosive metal, and can eventually lead to the failure of solder baths etc.[17]
Lead-free construction has also extended to components, pins, and connectors. Most of these pins used copper frames, and either lead, tin, gold or other finishes. Tin finishes are the most popular of lead-free finishes. Nevertheless, this brings up the issue of how to deal with tin whiskers. The current movement brings the electronics industry back to the problems solved in the 1960s by adding lead. JEDEC has created a classification system to help lead-free electronic manufacturers decide what provisions to take against whiskers, depending upon their application.
[edit] Soldering defects
Various problems may arise in the soldering process which lead to joints which are non functional either immediately or after a period of use.
The most common defect when hand-soldering results from the parts being joined not exceeding the solder’s liquidus temperature, resulting in a “cold solder” joint. This is usually the result of the soldering iron being used to heat the solder directly, rather than the parts themselves. Properly done, the iron heats the parts to be connected, which in turn melt the solder, guaranteeing adequate heat in the joined parts for thorough wetting. In ‘electronic’ hand soldering solder the flux is embedded in the solder. Therefore heating the solder first may cause the flux to evaporate before it cleans the surfaces (pcb pad and component connection) being soldered.
An improperly selected or applied flux can cause joint failure, or if not properly cleaned off the joint, may corrode the metals in the joint over time and cause eventual joint failure. Without flux the joint may not be clean, or may be oxidized, resulting in an unsound joint.
In electronics non-corrosive fluxes are often used. Therefore cleaning flux off may merely be a matter of aesthetics or to make visual inspection of joints easier in specialised ‘mission critical’ applications such as medical devices, military and aerospace i.e. satellites. For satellites also to reduce weight slightly but usefully. In some conditions i.e. high humidity, even non-corrosive flux might remain slightly active, therefore the flux may be removed to absolutely negate the possibility of corrosion over time. In some applications, the PCB might also be coated in some form of protective material such as a lacquer to protect it and/or exposed solder joints from the environment.
Movement of metals being soldered before the solder has cooled will cause a highly unreliable cracked joint. In electronics’ soldering terminology this is known as a ‘dry’ joint. It has a characteristically dull or grainy appearance immediately after the joint is made, rather than being smooth, bright and shiny. This appearance is caused by crystallization of the liquid solder. A dry joint is weak mechanically and a poor conductor electrically.
In general a good looking soldered joint is a good joint. As mentioned it should be smooth, bright and shiny. If not smooth i.e. lumps or balls of otherwise shiny solder the metal has not ‘wetted’ properly. Not being bright and shiny suggests a weak ‘dry’ joint.
In electronics a ‘concave‘ fillet is ideal. This indicates good wetting and minimal use of solder (therefore minimal heating of heat sensitive components). A joint may be good, but if a large amount of unnecessary solder is used then more heating is obviously required. Excessive heating of a PCB may result in ‘delamination’, the copper track may actually lift off the board, particularly on single sided PCBs without ‘through hole’ plating.
In the joining of copper tube, failure to properly heat and fill a joint may lead to a ‘void’ being formed. This is usually a result of improper placement of the flame. If the heat of the flame is not directed at the back of the fitting cup, and the solder wire applied 180 degrees opposite the flame, then solder will quickly fill the opening of the fitting, trapping some flux inside the joint. This bubble of trapped flux is the void; an area inside a soldered joint where solder is unable to completely fill the fittings’ cup, because flux has become sealed inside the joint, preventing solder from occupying that space.
[edit] Tools
Hand-soldering tools include the electric soldering iron, which has a variety of tips available ranging from blunt to very fine to chisel heads for hot-cutting plastics, and the soldering gun, which typically provides more power, giving faster heat-up and allowing larger parts to be soldered. Hot-air guns and pencils allow rework of component packages which cannot easily be performed with electric irons and guns.
Soldering torches are a type of soldering device that uses a flame rather than a soldering iron tip to heat solder. Soldering torches are often powered by butane[18] and are available in sizes ranging from very small butane/oxygen units suitable for very fine but high-temperature jewelry work, to full-size oxy-fuel torches suitable for much larger work such as copper piping. Common multipurpose propane torches, the same kind used for heat-stripping paint and thawing pipes, can be used for soldering pipes and other fairly large objects (but not electronics,) either with or without a soldering tip attachment; pipes are generally soldered with a torch by directly applying the open flame.
A soldering copper is a tool with a large copper head and a long handle which is heated in a blacksmith‘s forge fire and used to apply heat to sheet metal for soldering. Typical soldering coppers have heads weighing between one and four pounds. The head provides a thermal mass, which can store enough heat for soldering large areas between re-heating the copper in the fire. The larger the head, the longer the working time it affords. Historically, soldering coppers were a standard tool used in auto bodywork, although body solder has been mostly superseded by spot welding for mechanical connection and non-metallic fillers for contouring.
Toaster ovens and hand held infrared lights have been used to reproduce production soldering processes on a much smaller scale.
Bristle brushes are usually used to apply plumbing paste flux. For electronic work, flux-core solder is generally used, but additional flux may be used from a flux pen or dispensed from a small bottle with a syringe-like needle.
Wire brush, wire wool and emery cloth are commonly used to prepare plumbing joints for connection. Electronic joints rarely require mechanical cleaning, though copper traces with a dark layer of oxide passivation (due to aging), as on a new prototyping board that has been on the shelf for about a year or more, may need to be polished to a shine with steel wool before being soldered.
For PCB assembly and rework, alcohol and acetone (one or the other) are commonly used with cotton swabs or bristle brushes to remove flux residue. A heavy rag is usually used to remove flux from a plumbing joint before it cools and hardens. A fiberglass brush can also be used. Some fluxes for electronics are designed to be stable and inactive when cool and do not need to be cleaned off, though they still can be if desired, while other fluxes are acidic and must be removed after soldering to prevent corrosion of the circuits.
A heat sink, such as a crocodile clip, can be used to prevent damaging heat-sensitive components while soldering. The heat sink limits the temperature of the component body by absorbing and dissipating heat (reducing the thermal resistance between the component and the air), while the thermal resistance of the leads maintains the temperature difference between the part of the leads being soldered and the component body so that the leads become hot enough to melt the solder while the component body remains cooler.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Rahn, Armin (1993). “1.1 Introduction”. The Basics of Soldering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471584711.
- ^ a b c Soldering 101 – A Basic Overview
- ^ Brady, George et al. (1996). Materials Handbook. McGraw Hill. pp. 768–70. ISBN 0070070849.
- ^ How soldering differs from brazing
- ^ Solder Flux
- ^ “Unitek Eapro: Electronic Assembly Products”. Archived from the original on 2080-05-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080506083947/http://www.unitekeapro.com/pages.php?id=85.
- ^ “Laser Solutions for Soldering”. http://www.coherent.com/Downloads/circuitsassembly0204Rev2.pdf. 0204 www.coherent.com
- ^ “Laser Soldering”. http://www.ma-info.de/html/laser_soldering.html. 070927 ma-info.de
- ^ “NovaBrite RGB Full Color High Power LED Application Note”. http://www.vincenc.com.tw/download/Full%20color%20%20Hi%20POWER%20LED%20Application%20Note.pdf. 070927 vincenc.com.tw (mentioned as a technique)
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.askdrsears.com/html/10/T110211.asp
- ^ a b Alumaloy, accessed 2009-04-03
- ^ a b Alumiweld FAQ, accessed 2009-04-03
- ^ MIL-R-4208, accessed 2009-04-03
- ^ Aladdin 3-in-1, accessed 2009-04-03
- ^ HTS-2000, accessed 2009-03-09
- ^ a b c FACT AND FICTION IN LEAD FREE SOLDERING from www.dkmetals.co.uk
- ^ What is the definition of soldering torch?
[edit] External links
- Basic soldering guide
- Desoldering guide
- Soldering videos
- A short video explanation of how solder works
- RoHS directive 2002/95/EC – the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
WEdnesday 20th 2011 @11:37am ( articles on soldering silver charms )
article found from google: How to solder a silver charm bracelet/e how.com Http://www.ehow.com/how_4797361_solder-silver-charmbracelet.html#ixzz1k41mOodk
Top 5 To Try
- www.All-Spec.com?? http: ?>www.All-Spec.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BWEio0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB–21-IBn8X27xXAjbcB4L-HARABGAEgqYOqBigFOABQ35nRqgZgydaxh9yj8BGgAZnIwv8DsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIByAKH54ABqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=1&sig=AGiWqtweIGIBBBAujscFA88g1NDg9mlmCQ&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.all-spec.com/products/Weller/Soldering_and_Rework%257CSoldering.Rework_Equipment%257CSOL-10/” target=_blank>Weller® Soldering
Your Source For Weller Stations, Irons, Tips and More. Ships Today.
www.All-Spec.com?? http: ?>www.All-Spec.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BWEio0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB–21-IBn8X27xXAjbcB4L-HARABGAEgqYOqBigFOABQ35nRqgZgydaxh9yj8BGgAZnIwv8DsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIByAKH54ABqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=1&sig=AGiWqtweIGIBBBAujscFA88g1NDg9mlmCQ&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.all-spec.com/products/Weller/Soldering_and_Rework%257CSoldering.Rework_Equipment%257CSOL-10/” target=_blank>www.All-Spec.com
- www.radyne.com ?>www.radyne.com/Brazing/braze.html” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BNoZu0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB7yW988Bou31mRHAjbcBkIRsEAIYAiCpg6oGKAU4AFC9_Nnj-_____8BYMnWsYfco_ARsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIBqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=2&sig=AGiWqtzfCAYaq9GZ724cVLNAC1GqK5ox2Q&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.radyne.com/brazing.html” target=_blank>Induction Brazing
Quality joins everytime! Stainless, aluminum, copper, brass, and more
www.radyne.com ?>www.radyne.com/Brazing/braze.html” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BNoZu0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB7yW988Bou31mRHAjbcBkIRsEAIYAiCpg6oGKAU4AFC9_Nnj-_____8BYMnWsYfco_ARsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIBqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=2&sig=AGiWqtzfCAYaq9GZ724cVLNAC1GqK5ox2Q&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.radyne.com/brazing.html” target=_blank>www.radyne.com/Brazing/braze.html
- www.stellartechnical.com?? ?>www.stellartechnical.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BrfTh0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB7-R-J4B97Oi1QzAjbcBsLC7ARADGAMgqYOqBigFOABQ7sWxzQJgydaxh9yj8BGyAQx3d3cuZWhvdy5jb226AQoxNjB4NjAwX2pzyAEB2gFBaHR0cDovL3d3dy5laG93LmNvbS9ob3dfNDc5NzM2MV9zb2xkZXItc2lsdmVyLWNoYXJtLWJyYWNlbGV0Lmh0bWyoAwHoA94C6AOcAugDMfUDAAQABA&num=3&sig=AGiWqtyIFwzydQsKadS-fbNpdOEx5ZmBbA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.stellartechnical.com” target=_blank>Solder Pot
Discounted Prices – Large Selection Plato, American Bty, Waage & Esico
www.stellartechnical.com?? ?>www.stellartechnical.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BrfTh0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB7-R-J4B97Oi1QzAjbcBsLC7ARADGAMgqYOqBigFOABQ7sWxzQJgydaxh9yj8BGyAQx3d3cuZWhvdy5jb226AQoxNjB4NjAwX2pzyAEB2gFBaHR0cDovL3d3dy5laG93LmNvbS9ob3dfNDc5NzM2MV9zb2xkZXItc2lsdmVyLWNoYXJtLWJyYWNlbGV0Lmh0bWyoAwHoA94C6AOcAugDMfUDAAQABA&num=3&sig=AGiWqtyIFwzydQsKadS-fbNpdOEx5ZmBbA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.stellartechnical.com” target=_blank>www.stellartechnical.com
- www.FtMyersGoldExchange.com?? ?>www.FtMyersGoldExchange.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BiNh60fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB_DAiOIBmKKezhrAjbcB0IHVARAEGAQgqYOqBigFOABQoerS3QRgydaxh9yj8BGgAfCH_eIDsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIBqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=4&sig=AGiWqtwDpvdCusb79wkMzD9kCnjncakiyA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.ftmyersgoldexchange.com%3Fsrc%3Dcon” target=_blank>Sell Gold Jewelry FtMyers
Better Business Bureau Accredited Best Prices, Not A Pawn Shop
www.FtMyersGoldExchange.com?? ?>www.FtMyersGoldExchange.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BiNh60fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB_DAiOIBmKKezhrAjbcB0IHVARAEGAQgqYOqBigFOABQoerS3QRgydaxh9yj8BGgAfCH_eIDsgEMd3d3LmVob3cuY29tugEKMTYweDYwMF9qc8gBAdoBQWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuZWhvdy5jb20vaG93XzQ3OTczNjFfc29sZGVyLXNpbHZlci1jaGFybS1icmFjZWxldC5odG1sgAIBqAMB6APeAugDnALoAzH1AwAEAAQ&num=4&sig=AGiWqtwDpvdCusb79wkMzD9kCnjncakiyA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.ftmyersgoldexchange.com%3Fsrc%3Dcon” target=_blank>www.FtMyersGoldExchange.com
- www.Ross-Simons.com?? ?>www.Ross-Simons.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BK8cW0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB6K2qtUB8uyN_hLAjbcB8KorEAUYBSCpg6oGKAU4AFCU2OKR-_____8BYMnWsYfco_ARoAGe_dHtA7IBDHd3dy5laG93LmNvbboBCjE2MHg2MDBfanPIAQHaAUFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmVob3cuY29tL2hvd180Nzk3MzYxX3NvbGRlci1zaWx2ZXItY2hhcm0tYnJhY2VsZXQuaHRtbIACAcgCrqmoCKgDAegD3gLoA5wC6AMx9QMABAAE&num=5&sig=AGiWqtwIxgKNrJDN_iaQmwhlUw_mcOTuFA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.ross-simons.com%3Fcm_mmc%3DGoogle-_-Content%2BRoss-Simons-_-Ross-Simons-_-ross%2520simons%2520jewelry%26crcat%3DContent%2BRoss-Simons~Ross-Simons%26crsource%3Dadwords%26crkw%3Dross%2520simons%2520jewelry%26crcampaign%3D5001804970″ target=_blank>Ross-Simons Jewelry
Up to 80% Off Fine Jewelry. Free Shipping & 100% Guarantee!
www.Ross-Simons.com?? ?>www.Ross-Simons.com” href=”http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BK8cW0fOuTc6nFqW9sQea7oHPB6K2qtUB8uyN_hLAjbcB8KorEAUYBSCpg6oGKAU4AFCU2OKR-_____8BYMnWsYfco_ARoAGe_dHtA7IBDHd3dy5laG93LmNvbboBCjE2MHg2MDBfanPIAQHaAUFodHRwOi8vd3d3LmVob3cuY29tL2hvd180Nzk3MzYxX3NvbGRlci1zaWx2ZXItY2hhcm0tYnJhY2VsZXQuaHRtbIACAcgCrqmoCKgDAegD3gLoA5wC6AMx9QMABAAE&num=5&sig=AGiWqtwIxgKNrJDN_iaQmwhlUw_mcOTuFA&client=ca-ehow_160x600&adurl=http://www.ross-simons.com%3Fcm_mmc%3DGoogle-_-Content%2BRoss-Simons-_-Ross-Simons-_-ross%2520simons%2520jewelry%26crcat%3DContent%2BRoss-Simons~Ross-Simons%26crsource%3Dadwords%26crkw%3Dross%2520simons%2520jewelry%26crcampaign%3D5001804970″ target=_blank>www.Ross-Simons.com
Related Topics
More
How to Solder a Silver Charm Bracelet
X
Michelle Bell
Michelle Bell is a writer with a Bachelor of Science in English and secondary education from the Connecticut State University system. Bell is new to freelance writing, and has been writing for Demand Studios for a year. Bell has her work published primarily on eHow.com and Overstock.com.
By Michelle Bell, eHow Contributor
Silver soldering is one of the most basic jewelry-making techniques. Useful for connecting separate pieces of metal by an invisible seam, soldering is most often used in the creation of linked chains and stone settings, projects that beginners must master before moving on to more complicated things. To begin learning how to solder silver, start with one basic project: the silver charm bracelet. Consisting of a linked chain ready for the attachment of dangling charms, this silver bracelet project is perfect for soldering practice. To complete the project, follow these guidelines.
Difficulty:
Moderate
Instructions
things you’ll need:
- Silver solder 20-gauge silver wire Wire clippers Sandpaper Files Ring mandrel Mallet Jewelry pliers Flux Paintbrush Pickle pot and solution Blowtorch Soldering clamps Tongs Silver clasp Polishing cloth Charms and beads
- 1
Measure the length of bracelet you would like to make. Since you will be creating chain links of 1/2 inch, determine how many links you will need to complete the distance.
- 2
Cut 1/2 inch long lengths of silver wire in the amount of links you need, using the wire clippers. File and sand the edges smooth. Holding 1 wire piece with the jewelry pliers, wrap the wire around the ring mandrel until the ends meet snugly. Use the mallet to bang the wire into a perfect circular loop shape. Remove the wire from the mandrel.
- 3
Add a little flux to the “seam” between the 2 wire ends of the loop, using a paintbrush. Only put flux where you want the solder to flow. Cut a few tiny pieces of silver solder and place them along the seam. You may need to do this with a pair of tweezers.
- 4
Fit the wire loop into the soldering clamps. Adjust the clamps over your fire bricks, so that your soldering area is well-protected. Turn the blowtorch to a low level or small flame and apply the flame directly to the seam. When the solder flows into the seam, remove the torch.
- 5
Pick up the wire loop with the tongs and drop it into the pickle pot. Let the loops sit there for a few minutes to cool, and then remove it. File and sand away any excess solder.
- 6
Repeat Step 2 with the next piece of silver wire. Using the pliers, carefully pull the edges of this loop apart by twisting them to the sides, maintaining the circle. Slide this loop through the first soldered loop. Close the edges with the pliers and solder them together, following Steps 3 to 5. This creates 2 linked loops.
- 7
Solder all remaining loops until you have one long, linked chain. Attach the premade clasp to each end loop, or make your own clasp out of spare silver wire. Polish the chain with a polishing cloth.
- 8
Attach all premade charms to the chain loops, or create your own out of twisted wire and beads. Attach these homemade charms the same way you made the chain, by stringing them through loops and soldering the loops closed. Then simply run the length of the chain through the loops of the charms.
- Naples Couponswww.Groupon.com/Naples
1 ridiculously huge coupon a day. Like doing Naples at 90% off!
- Lauren Conrad at Kohl’s®Kohls.com/LaurenConrad
Save on Fresh, Fun Jewelry, Only at Kohl’s® – Expect Great Things!
- New Brazing & Solderingwww.multiplaz.com
Hi Tech Brazing & Soldering Tool. All in One to Weld,Cut,Braze,Solder
- Sell Us Your Jewelrywww.CircaJewels.com
Visit Us At A Location Nearest You For A Private, Cost-Free Evaluation
Tips & Warnings
- Pickle pots are usually made from heated crockpots filled with a solution called “pickle.” Older crock pots are best for this purpose.
- Do not put beads through any soldering process. Do not melt the wire. Watch carefully and hold the flame away slightly if it seems like the wire is burning. Never use a large flame. Do not touch hot metal. Let all metal sit in the pickle pot first.
Resources
- Print
- Email
- Share
Comments
- Print
- Email
- Share
Related Ads
Related Articles & Videos
- How to Solder Sterling Silver Jump Rings
- How to Solder Charms to a Bracelet
- How to Add Charms to a Sweetie Bracelet
- How to Make Charms From Silver Solder
- How to Add Letter Charms to a Silver Bracelet
- Choosing a Charm for a Charm Bracelet
- Soldering Silver for Making Jewelry: Part 2
- Making a Razor Blade Charm Bracelet
- Soldering A Box Bracelet
- Making Beads for a Razor Blade Bracelet
More
Top of Form
Helpful?
Yes
No
Bottom of Form
Read more: How to Solder a Silver Charm Bracelet | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_4797361_solder-silver-charm-bracelet.html#ixzz1K4lm0odk
Tuesday April 12th 2011 ( fbi update cybercrimes)
|
Good afternoon Chairman Whitehouse, Ranking Member Kyl, Countering efforts by foreign countries to steal our nation’s The Cybersecurity Threat As the subcommittee is aware, the number and sophistication of cyber The threat has reached the point that given enough time, motivation, It is difficult to state with confidence that our critical The recent security breach by unauthorized intruders into the parent The FBI has identified the most significant cyber threats to our As both an intelligence and law enforcement agency, the FBI can In addition, the FBI’s presence in legal attachés in 61 cities Cyber Threats Against the Private Sector Cyber criminal threats to the U.S. result in significant economic Cyber Threats to U.S. Critical Infrastructure U.S. critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber threat due to New “smart grid” and “smart home” products, designed to provide Industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of The FBI is concerned about the proliferation of malicious techniques Intellectual Property Theft and Supply Chain Risks Intellectual property rights violations, including theft of trade Cyber crime that manipulates the supply chain could pose a threat to Operation Cisco Raider is a joint initiative between the U.S. and The Booming Business of Botnets Botnets are networks of compromised computers controlled remotely by Today’s cyber criminals are business savvy. These criminals are Successful botnet development and operations use techniques similar Botnets that specialize in data exfiltration are able to capture the The “Not for Profit” Cyber Criminal Hacktivist groups such as Anonymous undertake protests and commit Just last month, Anonymous hacked into the website of a U.S. Financial Estimates of Damages Cyber criminals are forming private, trusted, and organized groups The potential economic consequences are severe. The sting of a cyber Often, businesses are unable to recoup their losses, and it may be As a result of the inability to define and calculate losses, the According to a 2011 publication released by Javelin Strategy and Addressing the Threat Although our cyber adversaries’ capabilities are at an all-time The FBI’s statutory authority, expertise, and ability to combine The FBI is a substantial component of the Comprehensive National The FBI has cyber squads in each of our 56 field offices, with more In addition, as part of the FBI’s overall transformation to an Partnerships However, one agency cannot combat the threat alone. Through the We have also enhanced our partnership with DHS, forming joint In addition, because of the frequent foreign nexus to cyber threats, We currently have FBI agents embedded full-time in five foreign We have engaged our international allies, including Australia, New Government and Private Sector Information Sharing The FBI has developed strong relationships with private industry and The exchange of knowledge, experience, and resources is invaluable With outside funding from DHS, the newly formed Joint Critical Experience has shown that establishing rapport with the members In addition to InfraGard, the FBI participates in other activities In the last few years, there has been a push to partner FBI Other successful cyber partnerships include the IC3 and the National The NCFTA is a private, non-profit organization composed of The FBI also partners with the U.S. private sector on the Domestic The DSAC is in a unique position to speak on behalf of the private Successes Our partnerships and joint initiatives are paying off, especially in While we increased our emphasis on national security, we continued Conclusion As the subcommittee knows, we face significant challenges in our We are optimistic that by strengthening relationships with our To bolster our efforts, we will continue to share information with We look forward to working with the subcommittee and Congress as a |
|
Saturday April 09th 2011 ( blog comments only keeping real coments.. or possibel real comments)
so this afternoon i wasted about 30 minutes blocking ip addresses adn email addresses and coments that were definatley not associated with my website or my blog…. what a waste of my time.. i decided that i will only save the coments that apprear to be real and havecontent that pertains to my actual blog or my website…. a few of the coments were almost liek messages to someoen via my websie… a girl who was telling about graduating colege.. then also a post of her beign pregnant…. ugg tht only reasonable explanatin why one person whould be writng such personal and utterly nonsennse tha thas nothting to do with my website or blog… oen of the boys criminals in hiding… or whoever needed to get a message to the new girl who ned s a new greenr card.. or just one of their “whore to door girls” that they used.
I realized another plausibel explanation why these scummy persons wouldactully break into another persons home and use it for their afairs… no paper trail… like i mentioned tha one guy who came over form fort lauderdale while his wife was in chicago… showed up at 10 or 11 pm and stayed out til really late…. came over wih no chldrens supplies jsut children… and didint want me to contact or have his wife’s hone number or contct info for emergencies…
anyway… if these criminals.. and since they are organized and socilly and morally corrupt… if they didnt want to be caught by thier actual spouces to not leave a paper trail they might need a condo or residence where they do not have any connection… since these scummy parasites found my place in 2003 ehn i met the scum gerard ahler… ( martucci ) and of course karen kahle who woudl constantly tresspass into my complex form carlton lakes.. by running in or walking her baby in past the guards and terefor not having ot have sighed in or have a record of her criminal behavoir or slimy affairs.. or what ever she did that had to be illegal to not to want to be caught ….. breaking the laws anyway… i wonder how many other victims they have found to ruin lives and family by ther criminal and immpral behavior?…. if any one has any real thoughts… let me know.. otherwise all comments that are nonsense will be deleated! thanks!
Saturday April 09th 2011 (addresses: Justice Dapartment )
Addresses for Justice department:
Sat. April 9th 2011 ( met a really nice an d helpful police man while getting gas after babysitting a few days ago)
In a word that seems to be over run with liars and cheats and thieves… or the selfish and horrid girls who actually ruin lives and families…. it is sooo refreshing to actually meet a person( especially a person who is a law officer) to get some assistance!
He ( officer: S. Cianflone badge # 2866) also told me of a great video camera surveliance system that may work wonders and be accessible 24 hours a day! I told him o fthe conartist i spoke iwht who was supposed to be with ADT and how tthe man who was on the phone told me the system would be 7,000.00 dollars…
I soooo hope these criminals are cuaght soon and arrested and put in jail… or if we wer in saudi. ut to death… HA! that wodl at least stop them from breeding more criminals…
stillhavent heard back about my camel cashmire sweater…. and i started going through my car very I was pulling into a gas station i frequent after babysitting and getting some gas when the store was closed but a police car pulled into the station and i was able to ask him to have extra patrols going by my home on the days i was babysititng to prevent any more of the randon people who haved trespassed and broken into my home…. He was so helpful he even gave me a booklet on identiy theft.
I gave him the time and hours i would be babysitting and aked if anyone is in my home… to please arrest them.. they have no persmission to be in my home.. and have no key given to them by me.. or any other means of accessing my residence other than trespassing and breaking and enterring….
carefully… and anything where missing items may “show up” but i still need to do one more etremely careful itemization… then if items can t be found… the police officer said he would be more than happy to helpme make sur ethe police reports are files… YES…. perhaps some justice…. would be great!
Friday April 1st 2011 @ 10:58pm ( list of items still missing…)
so i thought II’d take a break from trying to undo the lock that is not working with the code i put into it yesterday before leaving to go babysit… and write up a list of items that are still missing…
of course my diamond earrings… and my pearl earrings… and the ring i gave to maura.. some fake .look alike sister who said “score” when i handed it over to her…. UGG god only knows who i really gave my sisters sing to … i know she gave it to me for safe keeping guess she never thought i would have to have endured all the scum these past 7 years…. . the diamond and saphire ring… was really nice… i could l kick myself for handing it over.. i knew somewhere in the pit of my stomach.. that it was the wrong person… it was just like the one princess Diana had.. but this group of con artists are pretty good at their cons… and i was really sweet and innocent and guillible…
so still missing…
one bloomingdale regular poka dotted pillow case and the pillow that was in it..
one monagramed face cloth
one set of diamond earrings given to me by my dad from saudi..
one set of pearl earrings given to me by my dad from saudi
.
.